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(1992–95) ---- Yugoslav People's Army (controlled by SR Serbia) (1991–92) |combatant2 = Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995) |commander1 = Slobodan Milošević Milan Martić Milan Babić Goran Hadžić Mile Mrkšić Veljko Kadijević Ratko Mladić Jovica Stanišić Franko Simatović |commander2 = Franjo Tuđman Gojko Šušak Anton Tus Janko Bobetko Zvonimir Červenko Petar Stipetić Atif Dudaković |strength1 = JNA 145,000 (1991) RSK 50,000 (1995) |strength2 = 70,000 (1991)〔(Tus: U listopadu '91. HV je imao 70.000 vojnika ) Domovinski rat.hr〕 200,000 (1995)〔(Centar domovinskog rata - 1995. )〕 |casualties1 = RSK 4,177 soldiers and 2,650 civilians killed or missing〔 300,000 displaced〔 JNA 1,279 soldiers killed〔 |casualties2 = 6,788–8,784 soldiers and 4,508–7,186 civilians killed or missing〔〔 220,000 displaced〔 RBiH 178 soldiers and 23 civilians killed〔 }} The Croatian War of Independence was fought from 1991 to 1995 between Croat forces loyal to the government of Croatia—which had declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)—and the Serb-controlled Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and local Serb forces, with the JNA ending its combat operations in Croatia by 1992. In Croatia, the war is primarily referred to as the Homeland War (''Domovinski rat'') and also as the Greater-Serbian aggression (''Velikosrpska agresija'').〔〔 In Serbian sources, ''War in Croatia'' (''Rat u Hrvatskoj'') is the most commonly used public term. A majority of Croats wanted Croatia to leave Yugoslavia and become a sovereign country, while many ethnic Serbs living in Croatia, supported by Serbia,〔Martić verdict, pp. 122–123 "The Trial Chamber found that the evidence showed that the President of Serbia, Slobodan Milošević, openly supported the preservation of Yugoslavia as a federation of which the SAO Krajina would form a part. However, the evidence established that Milošević covertly intended to create a Serb state. This state was to be created through the establishment of paramilitary forces and the provocation of incidents in order to create a situation where the JNA could intervene. Initially, the JNA would intervene to separate the parties but subsequently the JNA would intervene to secure the territories envisaged to be part of a future Serb state."〕 opposed the secession and wanted Croatia to remain a part of Yugoslavia. Most Serbs effectively sought a new Serb state within a Yugoslav federation, including areas of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina with ethnic Serb majorities or significant minorities,〔Babić verdict, p. 6 "In the period of the Indictment, from circa 1 August 1991 to 15 February 1992, Serb forces consisting of JNA units, local Serb TO units, TO units from Serbia and Montenegro, local MUP police units, MUP police units from Serbia, and paramilitary units attacked and took control of towns, villages, and settlements ... These acts were intended to permanently and forcibly remove the majority of the Croat and other non-Serb populations from approximately one-third of Croatia in order to transform that territory into a Serb-dominated state."〕〔 and attempted to conquer as much of Croatia as possible.〔〔〔Brown & Karim (1995), p. 120〕 In 2007, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) returned a guilty verdict against Milan Martić, one of the Serb leaders in Croatia, for having colluded with Slobodan Milošević and others to create a "unified Serbian state". Between 2008 and 2012, the ICTY had prosecuted Croatian generals Ante Gotovina, Mladen Markač and Ivan Čermak for alleged involvement in the crimes related to Operation Storm. Čermak was acquitted outright, and the convictions of Gotovina and Markač were later overturned by an ICTY Appeals Panel. The International Court of Justice dismissed Croatia and Serbia genocide claims in 2015. While it reaffirmed that serious crimes against civilians were committed by both sides and that these acts constitute some basic elements of genocide, it ruled that the genocidal intent was not present. The JNA tried to keep Croatia within Yugoslavia by occupying all of Croatia.〔Kadijević (1993), pp. 134–135〕〔Bjelajac, Žunec, Boduszynski, Draschtak, Graovac, Kent, Malli, Pavlović, Vuić (2009), p. 241〕 After they failed to do this, Serbian forces established the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) within Croatia. After the ceasefire of January 1992 and international recognition of the Republic of Croatia as a sovereign state,〔〔 the front lines were entrenched, the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) was deployed,〔 and combat became largely intermittent in the following three years. During that time, the RSK encompassed , more than a quarter of Croatia.〔 In 1995, Croatia launched two major offensives known as Operation Flash and Operation Storm,〔〔 which would effectively end the war in its favor. The remaining United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) zone was peacefully reintegrated into Croatia by 1998.〔〔 The war ended with Croatian victory, as it achieved the goals it had declared at the beginning of the war: independence and preservation of its borders.〔〔 21–25% of Croatia's economy was ruined, with an estimated US$37 billion in damaged infrastructure, lost output, and refugee-related costs.〔 A total of 20,000 people were killed in the war,〔 and refugees were displaced on both sides. The Serb and Croatian governments began to progressively cooperate with each other but tension remains, in part due to verdicts by the ICTY and lawsuits filed by each country against the other.〔〔 ==Background== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Croatian War of Independence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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